COMPONENT	RESULT
1. Ash content, not more %	0,14
2. Mass fraction of sulphur, not more %                     - low – sulphur – residual – oil	0,5
3. Temperature of the flash, not less ºC                        in the closed crucible
In the open crucible ºC	110 min
4. The temperature of solidification, not higher ºC	25
5. Kinematics viscosity	118 max
6. Water content	0.5%
7. Mechanical impurities	Lower than 0.1%
8. Acidity	Lower than 5 mg KOH/ 100ml
9. Alkalinity	Nil
10. Gross Calorific Value Kcal/kg / KJ/kg	Min9700/41300
11. Density at 15.0 deg. C Kg/l	0.8900-0.9200
12. Hydrogen Sulfide Content (H2S) pom	0.5 max
13. Carbon Residua	Lower than 7%
14. Vanadium (V) ppm	23
15. Aluminum (Al) ppm	5
16. Silicon (Si) ppm	12
17. Nickel (Ni) ppm	29
18. Aspartames m/m	3.6%
19. Distillation @4 mm Hg
Extracted to 760 mm Hg
Initial Boiling Point deg. C	216
5% recovered deg. C	259
10% recovered deg. C	310
24% recovered deg. C	358
30% recovered deg. C	445
40% recovered deg. C	502
50% recovered deg. C	534
60% recovered deg. C	538
75% recovered deg. C	545
80% recovered deg. C
90% recovered deg. C
Final Boiling point deg. C	550
Percent Recovered vol	78%
Residue vol	22%

 

 

DIESEL (AGO)

 

 

CHARACTERISTICS                                                     LIMIT
Specific gravity (@ 60/60°F)                                         0.820 (min.)
Distillation
            Recovery (@35°C%wt)                                     90 (min.)
            FBP (°C)                                                           385 (max.)
Colour                                                                           3 (max.)
Flash point (°F)                                                            150 (min.)
Total sulphur (%wt)                                                       0.5 (max.)(Now 0.3max)
Copper corrosion (3hr @ 100°C)                                  No. 1 strip (max.)
Kinematic viscosity (@100°Fcst)                                   1.6-5.5
Cloud point (°F)                                                             40 (max)
Carbon residue (Conradson on 10% residue) %wt        0.15 (max)
Strong acid number (mg. KOH/g)                                   Nil
Tobal acid number (mg. KOH/g)                                    0.5 (max)
Ash content (%wt)                                                          0.01 (max.)
Water by distillation (%Vol.)                                           0.05 (max
Water by extraction (%wt)                                              0.01 (max.)
Diesel index                                                                   47 (min)

• Inspection: SGS for quantity and Quality
• 50  Million Barrels per month x 12-60 months contract

Additives

ANTIOXIDANT IN HYDROPROCESSED FUEL   MG/	1 MIN 17	MAX 24
ANTIOXIDANT NON HYDROPROCESSED   FUEL   MG/	1	MAX 24
STATIC DISSIPATER FIRST DOPING ASA-3   MG/	1	MAX 1
STADIS 450 MG/	1	MAX 3

 

Combustion Properties

SPECIFIC ENERGY,NET MJ/KG	MIN 18,4	D4808
SMOKE POINT MM	MIN 19	D1322
LUMINOMITTER NUMBER	MIN 45	D1740
NAPTALENES %VOL	MAX 3	D1840

             
Property Unit Min-Max Result Test-IP Method ASTM
Composition

TOTAL ACIDITY MG KOH/G	MAX 0,01 354	D3242
AROMATICS % VOL	MAX 22,0 158	D1318
SULPHUR,TOTAL% MASS	MAX 0,30 107	D1266/2622
SULPHUR,MERCAPTAN % MASS	MAX 0,003 342	D3227
DOCTOR,TEST     30		D4952
Volatile

 

INITIAL BOILING POINT CENTIGRADE MAX   REPORT	123	D96
10% VOL AT C    240
20% VOL AT C    REPORT
50% VOL AT C    REPORT
80% VOL AT C                REPORT
END POINT CENTIGRADE	MAX 300
RICOVERED RECIDULES % VOL,	MAX 1,5
LOSS % VOL	MAX 1,5
FLESH POINT CENTIGRADE	MAX 42170/303	D56/3828
DENSITITY AT 15 C KG/M2	MIN/MAX  776/840   180/385	D1298

 

Low Temperatures Properties

FREEZING POINCENTIGRADE

MAX - 40 15

D2256

             
Corrosion

CORROSION,COPPER(2HRS AT 100C)	MAX 1 154	D130
CORROSION,SILVER(4HRS AT 50C)	MAX 1 227

                                   
Stability

THERMAL STABILITYCONTROL,TEMP		280C 323
FILTER PRESSURE,DIFFERENTIAL MM.HG	MAX 25
TUBE DEPOSIT RATING(VISUAL)	MAX<3

                                                                         
Contaminations

EXISTENT GUM MG/100ML	MAX 7 131	D361
WATER REACOIN,INTERFACE RATING	MAX 16 256	D1084
FUEL WITH STATIC DISSIPATOR ADDITIVES	MIN75	D3648
FUEL WITHOUT STATIC DISSIPATOR   ADDITIVE	MIN 85

             
Conducity

ELECTRIAL CONDUCITIVITY P3/M

REPORT

             

INITIAL BOILING POINT CENTIGRADE MAX	REPORT 123	D96
10% VOL AT C	240
20% VOL AT C	REPORT
50% VOL AT C	REPORT
80% VOL AT C	REPORT
END POINT CENTIGRADE	MAX 300
RICOVERED RECIDULES % VOL,	MAX 1,5
LOSS % VOL	MAX 1,5
FLESH POINT CENTIGRADE	MAX 42170/303	D56/3828
DENSITITY AT 15 C KG/M2	MIN/MAX 776/840  180/385	D1298

DEFINITION: Naphtha is a general term used to describe special boiling point spirits having a boiling range of approximately 30 to 170 deg. C
NOMENCLATURE: Naphtha is widely used in fertilizer plants and petrochemical industries as a feed stock. It is a highly volatile product, manufactured from crude oil by direct atmospheric distillation and by catalytic cracking of heavy residues.

 

There are two types of Naphtha marketed namely, High Aromatic Naphtha (HAN) and Low Aromatic Naphtha (LAN) known as Naphtha (Petrochemical). Naphtha essentially consists of paraffinic, naphthenic and aromatic Hydrocarbons.

 

The presence of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Naphtha is very critical especially when it is used in fertilizer plants. In fact, the design of a fertilizer plant may entirely depend upon the composition of Naphtha available or a refinery has to produce Naphtha according to the needs and specifications demanded by a fertilizer plant. This is one of the reasons that IS Specifications for Naphtha has been withdrawn.

 

Naphtha is used as a fuel in fertilizer plant reformers where high temperatures are required. It is also used as a fuel for steam generation in the plants where reforming is done with the help of steam. Some gas turbines for power generation have also been installed recently which will require Naphtha as fuel.

 

AROMATICS: The most important criterion for the selection of Naphtha as a feed stock in a fertilizer plant, is its aromatic content. This is because, in a fertilizer plant, Naphtha is reformed to carbon dioxide and hydrogen in presence of a catalyst which is used for the manufacture of Urea and Ammonia.

 

Aromatics are basically resistant to reformation and hence, high temperatures are to be maintained or more time will be required to complete reformation which results in loss of production. Aromatics also burn with smoke releasing a fine soot of carbon which gets coated on the catalyst thus, reducing catalyst activity which in turn, reduces production. When Naphtha with high aromatic content is used in a petrochemical plant, say for example manufacture of Ethylene, production will decrease since it is difficult to convert aromatic hydrocarbons to Ethylene. Hence, low aromatic Naphtha is preferred in these type of industries.

 

OLEFINS: These are unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds and their presence in Naphtha would lead to
a. Possible gum formation in presence of air.
b. Increased coking in the pre-heater tubes of the hydro-desulphurization section.
c. Increased hydrogen consumption in the hydro-desulphurization section.
Therefore, the olefin content in Naphtha is kept to the minimum and in manufacturing specification, it is limited to max. 1% on volume basis.

 

SULPHUR: Sulphur poisons the nickel catalyst used in the reformer in fertilizer plants, resulting in the deactivation of catalyst thus affecting the production patterns. Large amounts of expensive catalyst may have to be replaced due to sulphur poisoning of catalyst. Hence, an upper limit on the amount of sulphur in Naphtha is specified. At times, sulphur limit is prescribed owing to the design parameters of the plant. The maximum limit 0.15% by wt. prescribed in the specification is acceptable to most of the fertilizer and petrochemical industries in India.

 

DISTILLATION: The higher the distillation range, the longer will be the carbon chain length. In a fertilizer or petrochemical plant, the catalyst is designed to reform hydro-carbons having a particular carbon chain length only. In case the carbon chain length exceeds the limit, the catalyst may not be in a position to act on it effectively. This is the reason why there is a limit on distillation range. In addition to the above, distillation range ensures uniform quality of the product throughout.

 

TRACE ELEMENTS: The trace elements like lead, vanadium, sodium etc. in Naphtha may fuse with catalyst at high temperature that they encounter in the reformer. This results in the deactivation of catalysts. Hence, it is desirable to have Naphtha free of these trace metals. However, these trace metals concentration cannot be controlled in the Refinery.

 

Bitumen

 

A non-crystalline solid or viscous material having adhesive properties derived from petroleum either by natural or refinery processes, and substantially soluble in carbon disulphide. Bitumen are black or brown in colour. This may occur naturally but are usually made as end products from distillation of, or extracts from, selected petroleum oils.

 

NOMENCLATURE: Bitumen and asphalt are both generic terms. In USA, the word asphalt is used as synonymous with bitumen- the refinery product which has now largely replaced the natural asphalts that occur in Trinidad, Venezuela, Cuba etc. Outside USA however, the word asphalt is generally taken to mean a mixture of refinery bitumen with a substantial proportion of solid mineral matter. Frequently used in road constructions are cutbacks, in which bitumen is mixed with a solvent such as Kerosene or gas oil which evaporates after the material is laid, and bitumen emulsions i.e. emulsions of bitumen with water. Bitumen is always applied hot, cutbacks are applied either hot or cold and emulsion is always applied cold. When the emulsion breaks the water evaporates leaving bitumen.

 

END USE: The uses of bitumen are numerous. The chief one in most countries is for road construction. It is also used for surfacing airfield runways and taxi tracks, hydraulic applications such as canal lining, river bank protection, dam construction and sea defenses. There are also numerous industrial applications like roofing felt manufacture, printing inks, electrical cable / Junction boxes, mastic for roofing of terraces, duplex paper manufacture etc.

 

SIGNIFICANCE OF PROPERTIES: Asphaltic bitumen is valued for a variety of properties. It is water proof, ductile, adhesive, chemically inert and resistant to atmospheric exposure and the effects of dilute acids and alkalis. Obtained from the residues of naphthenic crude oils after distillation of the volatile products, it is marketed in a wide range of grades, ranging from soft to hard.

 

PENETRATION: The test determines the hardness of Bitumen by measuring the depth ( in tenths of a mm) to which a standard, and loaded needle will vertically penetrate in 5 seconds, a sample of Bitumen maintained at a temperature of 25 deg C ( 77deg F). Hence the softer the bitumen, the greater will be its number of penetration units.

 

SOFTENING POINT: This test is carried out by the Ring and Ball method, which consists of suspending a brass ring containing the test sample of Bitumen in water at a given temperature. A steel ball is placed upon the bituminous material, the water is then heated at the rate of 5 deg C increase per minute. The temperature at which the softened bituminous material first touches a metal plate at a specified distance below the ring is recorded as the Softening point of the sample.

 

FLASH POINT: In the interest of safety, legislation has been introduced in most countries fixing minimum flash point limits to prevent the inclusion of highly inflammable volatile fractions in kerosene distillates. According to Controller of Explosives classification it falls in the category of Class B Petroleum Products. Its flash point (Abel) is stipulated as Min. 35 deg C in the IS specification.

 

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: As with colour, specific gravity has no relation to burning quality, but it is a useful aid for quantity reckoning and identity

 

Motor Gasoline

 

Motor Gasoline is used in automobiles and marine outboard motors with spark-ignition engines. It is often graded according to its Research Octane Number (RON) which measures the antiknock performance of a motor fuel. SPC supplies unleaded motor gasoline of various grades from 92 RON to 98 RON.

 

Automotive Diesel Oil

 

Automotive Diesel Oil (ADO) is mainly used in automobiles, marine boats, industrial boilers, generator sets and other industrial engines with internal combustion engines. SPC supplies ADO meeting 0.005% sulphur content. In line with maintaining a clean environment, Singapore's domestic market consumes primarily ADO with 0.005% sulphur content.

 

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

 

DEFINITION: LPG may be defined as those hydrocarbons which are gaseous at normal atmospheric pressure, but may be condensed to the liquid state at normal temperature, by the application of moderate pressures. Although they are normally used as gases, they are stored and transported as liquids under pressure for convenience and ease of handling. Liquid LPG evaporates to produce about 250 times volume of gas. Thus, a large quantity of energy can be packed, stored, transported and used in small containers.

 

COMPOSITION: LPG is a predominant mixture of propane and Butane with a small percentage of unsaturates (Propylene and Butylene) and some lighter C2 as well as heavier C5 fractions. Included in the LPG range are propane (C3H8), Propylene(C3H6), normal and iso-butane (C4H10)and Butylene(C4H8). Commercial LP gases invariably contains traces of lighter hydrocarbons like ethane (C2H6) and ethylene (C2H4) and heavier hydrocarbons like pentane (C5H12).

 

MANUFACTURE OF LPG: There are two main sources from which LP gases are produced, namely: (A) Wet Natural Gas or Associated Gas & (B) Refinery Operations. LP gases prepared from wet natural gas consist entirely of "saturated" hydrocarbons i.e. propane and butane. LP Gases produced from straight distillation process will have "saturated" hydrocarbons i.e. propane and butane (both normal and iso) LP Gases produced by both cracking and reforming processes will have, in addition to saturated hydrocarbons, some quantities of unsaturated hydrocarbons also ( i.e. propylene and butylene) LP Gases produced will have impurities like moisture & sulphur compounds like hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans. Moisture may lead to clogging of regulators, valves, etc. and sulphur compounds cause corrosion. Moisture and sulphur compounds are, therefore, removed by suitable treatment at the refinery. However, to alert the user of LPG in case of a leak takes place, "ethyle mercaptan" which has a distinctive odour is added in minute quantities at the refinery.

 

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

 

LNG is natural gas super cooled into a liquid form. This is done to more easily transport natural gas to the U.S. from destinations not linked by pipeline (for example, importing natural gas from Canada can be accomplished by sending natural gas through a pipeline; importing natural gas from Indonesia or Nigeria must be done by transporting LNG by tanker). LNG can pose significant security and environmental hazards. In response to concerns of looming domestic natural gas shortages, disputes have arisen between states, community groups and the federal government over whether Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) represents a solution or a new problem for America's energy policy. In a distressing move on November 19, 2004, some in Congress sought to pre-empt this debate by sneaking controversial language into a conference report, without a vote, that may undermine the ability of states and local communities to have their voices adequately represented in this important debate. In June the National Governor's Association wrote the U.S. Senate urging them to support the bi-partisan amendment to the energy bill protecting the ability of states to have adequate say over the siting and permitting of proposed LNG facilities. The Senate ultimately rejected NGA's (and Public Citizen's) request. On June 22, 2005 the US Senate voted 52 to 45 (3 not voting) rejecting an amendment to the energy bill that would have provided Governors the right to veto proposed LNG projects (a "nay" vote is the good vote). Previously the House, voting 237 to 194, struck down an amendment to remove language which gives the federal government exclusive jurisdiction over LNG permitting and siting. So a "no" vote forbade states from having an adequate say over the siting and permitting of LNG facilities

RUSSIAN MAZUT M100 GOST 10585-75 SPECIFICATION
PARAMETERS			MEASUREMENTS	PARAMETERS			MEASUREMENTS
1.	ASH CONTENT, NOT MORE%	灰分	＜0,14	14.	VANADIUM (V) PP	钒	23
2.	MASS FRACTION OF SULPHUR, NOT LESS ℃			15. 16.	ALUMINUM (Al) PPM SILICON (Si) PPM	铝 硅	5 12
	-LOW-SULPHUR-RESIDUAL-OIL	硫	＜0,5	17.	NICKEL (Ni) PPM	镍	49
3.	TEMPERATURE OF THE FLASH, NOT LESS ℃ IN THE CLOSED CRUCIBLE IN THE OPEN CRUCIBLE	闪点 ﹝闭口﹞ 闪点 ﹝开口﹞	＞110 Min	18. 19.	ASPHALTENES M/M DISTILLATION @ 4 MM HG EXTRACTED TO 760 MM HG INITIAL BOILING POINT DEG. C	沥青质	3.6% 216
4.	THE TEMPERATURE OF SOLIDIFICATION, NOT HIGHER ℃	凝固点	＜25		5% RECOVERED DEG. C 10% RECOVERED DEG. C		259 310
5.	KINEMATICS VISCOSITY AT 50℃	运动 粘度	＜118 MAX		20% RECOVERED DEG. C 30% RECOVERED DEG. C		358 445
6.	WATER CONTENT	水份	＜0.5%		40% RECOVERED DEG. C		502
7.	MECHANICAL IMPURITIES	机械 杂质	＜0.1%		50% RECOVERED DEG. C 60% RECOVERED DEG. C		534 538
8.	ACIDITY	酸度	＜5 MG KOH/100ML		75% RECOVERED DEG. C 80% RECOVERED DEG. C		545 --
9.	ALKALINITY	碱度	NIL		95% RECOVERED DEG. C		550
10.	GROSS CALORIFIC VALUE KCAL/KG/KJ/KG	热值	＞9200/41300		FINAL BOILING POINT DEG. C	最终 沸点	560
11.	DENSITY AT 15.0 DEG. C KG/1	密度	0.890 – 0.9200		PERCENT RECOVERED VOL		78%
12.	HYDROGEN SULFIDE CONTENT (H2S) POM	氧化硫	＜0.5		RESDUE VOL TOTAL NITROGEN M/M	含氮量	22% 0.192%
13.	CARBON RESIDUA	残碳	＜7%	20.	SODIUM (Na) PPM	钠	15

OIL & GAS: JET FUEL COLONIAL GRADE 54A1